They both led God’s people out of slavery. New International Commentary on the Old Testament (NICOT). The preliminary exploration of Old Testament types and symbols which follows deals with three areas: ordinances, festivals, and historical events. Jesus (Matthew 2:16). It is important to note that a true type must have a historical basis in the Old Testament, so it was a reality experienced by the people of Israel with real meaning to them. They tended to make parallels with major truths, rather than discussing minute details. IVP 1985. The First Epistle to the Corinthians. Rad, G von, Old Testament Theology. It appears that they had a superstitious, even magical, trust in the power of the sacraments of baptism and the Lord’s supper, thinking that through these they will be able to stand against temptation (1 Cor 10:12), or as a protection if they ate food offered to idols when they attended pagan meals. New International Commentary on the New Testament (NICNT). Both acted as intercessors for the people. The Old Testament anticipates, announces, and points to the New Testament. Old Testament high priests were temporary, but Jesus priesthood is eternal (Hebrews 7:23-25). Search for page by title (auto-completes), Search for word or phrase within each page. by while his wife sinned (Genesis 3:6), Jesus sacrificed Himself so that His bride Shadows of Jesus in the Old Testament. 55 Old Testament prophecies about Jesus We put together 55 prophecies that cover four specific areas: Jesus's birth; Jesus's ministry; Jesus's death and resurrection; Jesuss' role in the church; We've ordered the prophecies based on their Old Testament book order. And as the blood of the slain lamb protected the Israelites from God’s wrath, the blood and death of Christ cover us from God’s judgment (Matthew 26:28). Israel really had three. It is divided into the Old Testament, which begins with creation and follows the relationship between God and the kingdom of Israel, and the New Testament, which follows the life of Jesus Christ and foretells what is to come. A type is a special form of prophecy in which the Old Testament is interpreted in the light of the New Testament. A type is a historical person, object, event or institution in the Old Testament which in some way foreshadows a particular aspect of the person or work of Christ in the New Testament. The high priest was the leader and the only one who could enter the Most Holy place on the day of atonement. Whenever the term “Angel of the Lord” appears it is almost always considered to be the pre-incarnate Christ. Types should illustrate clearly taught NT truths, rather than being a source of new doctrines; Jesus, the anti-type, is always greater than the type (Mt 12:41). (Church Educational System manual, 2003), 111–15. Typical Persons. Melchizedek (Hebrews 7:1-3; 15-17, Hebrews 6:20), [2] Got Questions “What is Biblical Typology” retrieved from. 2:14). Moreover, Jesus died around Passover (Mark 14:12). We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. . The instructions for the grain offerings are given in Leviticus 2. Just as the Passover lamb (Ex 12:5), as well as the other sacrifices (eg. IVP 1992. But he could have been a type of Christ as Hebrews 7:3 says, “he resembled the Son of God.”. Paul used it in Romans 5:14 when he called Adam “a type of the one who was to come.” He also used it in 1 Corinthians 10:6; 11, when he said some events in the wilderness “took place as an example for us.”. Joseph, a Type of Christ. However, it is possible that there are other types in addition to those. Marian Types of the Old Testament. The preliminary exploration of Old Testament types and symbols which follows deals with three areas: ordinances, festivals, and historical events. Adam was the head of the old creation, compared with Christ as the head of the new creation, so Paul could consider all people as being either “dying in Adam”, or “ being made alive in Christ” (1 Cor 15:22). The Bible consists of 66 books written by about 40 different authors over a span of about 1,500 years. Consistently through the New Testament, the death of Jesus is understood as a fulfilment of the Jewish sacrificial system, so it too can be safely identified as a type. The justification for typology is to be found in the NT itself, in that although it never denies the historical truth of the OT events, it often teaches that they have a deeper spiritual message in which they foreshadow the greater redemption achieved by Jesus. Melchizedek is without genealogy, no beginning or end (which could mean his origins were unknown). Adam is the only person who is expressly identified as a type of Christ in the NT (Rom 5:14). Tyndale New Testament Commentaries (TNTC). Each one of them can be identified as types as they all foreshadowed the coming of Jesus, the redemption he attained, and the new covenant he established. A type is also distinctly different from a symbol, in that a type is a form of prophecy which pictorially foreshadows some aspect of future redemption. Put up your hand if you want the world to live in peace? I love that Matthew depicts Jesus as the true Israel, who escapes from a wicked king like Moses did (Matthew 2:13-18; cf. Joshua was an Old Testament type of Jesus, who was sent by the Father to accomplish a much greater purpose, i.e. Jesus came to call all sinners, Jews and gentiles alike to repentance (Matthew 28:18-20), Jonah initially disobeyed God’s order and went to Nineveh reluctantly (Jonah 1:3). Show several pictures of well-known signs or symbols such as the following: The Levitical high priests were sinful and also required sacrifice for themselves; Jesus was holy, innocent, and unstained (Hebrews 7:26-27). The Tabernacle is God's photo journal documenting salvation. Jonah’s mission was to call the Assyrians of Nineveh to repentance (Jonah 1:2). In this same chapter, Matthew makes a typological comparison with three important aspects of Israel’s spiritual history, saying that “something greater than the temple (v6), Jonah (v41) and Solomon (v42) is here”. Lesson 9: The Savior’s Profound Influence. Moo, D. The Epistle to the Romans. Bruce, F.F. Eerdmans 1983. In the Old Testament, a priest played the role of mediator between God and the people. In this short YouTube video, you’ll see how each book of the Old Testament tells an important story about Jesus—and don’t miss what he says at the beginning of the clip, about why it’s so important! Adam was a type of Christ in that his single action had universal impact, and this prefigured the universal impact of Christ’s single act. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. He says that the Israelites were baptised into Moses when they crossed the Red Sea (1 Cor 10:1-2). Jesus is the only begotten Son of God (John 3:16), He created all things (Colossians 1:16), and He came from heaven (John 6:38). Christ, as the great high priest, passed through the greater and perfect tent, and entered in to the Holy Place with his own blood (Heb 9:11). King Herod ordered the murder of children under two to kill In neo-orthodox circles associated with Karl Barth, the tendency was to disbelieve any historical truth of the OT stories, but to claim that they contained a deeper more mystical kind of spiritual truth. Your email address will not be published. Old Testament Types of Mary – Father Johann Roten, S.M. The night before the plague, God instructed the Israelites to select a male lamb without blemish (Exodus 12:5), to kill it without breaking any of its bones (Exodus 12:46), and to apply some of its blood around the house (Exodus 12:7-8). He mentioned two. And after the Israelites worshipped the golden calf, he offered his life in exchange for the people (Exodus 32:30-33). (Numbers 21:7-9). The NT also uses the word 'antitupos', meaning 'antitype', in which the type in the OT foreshadows the antitype in the NT In this way, Noah’s flood was the type that prefigured the antitype of baptism (1 Pet 3:21). In Matthew’s account of the birth narratives, one theme that he brings out is that Jesus retraced the route of exodus. Furthermore, they were both prophets of God, mediated a covenant, gave commandments, performed miracles, spoke to God face to face (Exodus 33:11, John 10:15), and were both transfigured on a mountain (Exodus 34:29, Matthew 17:2). Banner of Truth 1948. Fee, G.D. These began in the OT, and continued and came to fulfilment in the NT, climaxing in the life and ministry of Christ. This is the second post in a five-part series titled “Jesus in the Old Testament,” showing different ways Jesus appears in the Old Testament. Amongst the Catholics and Orthodox, there is a tendency to identify the sacraments, particularly the Lord’s Supper and Baptism, in the OT stories. All those born from Adam inherit his sinful nature, but all those born from Christ inherit his holy nature (1 Corinthians 15:48-49). Among biblical scholars there is a wide range of opinions over typology, ranging from those who completely reject typology, to those who detect types of Christ everywhere in the OT. Moses pleaded to God many times on behalf of the Israelites when they sinned (Numbers 11:2; 12:13; 21:7). Vos. By virtue of Jesus’ atoning sacrifice on the cross His disciples are enabled to share in His victory and be filled by His Holy Spirit. Lesson 10: Come, Follow Me. The English word 'type' is translated from the Greek word 'tupos', which literally means the mark or impression made on a soft substance by a blow. received life; Jesus gives life (1 Corinthians 15:45). The Israelites passed through the waters from death to life in the same way that believers in Christ pass through the waters of baptism showing they have passed from death to life. Not only do we not know God except through Jesus Christ; We do not even know ourselves except through Jesus Christ. As punishment, God sent fiery serpents among them, and many died from their bites (Numbers 21:6). Some scholars believe there are more than 300 prophecies about Jesus in the Old Testament. Bruce, F.F. A number of individual people are identified as types in the NT, including Adam, and Jonah. France, R.T. Matthew: Evangelist and Teacher. Jonah was a prophet from the Old Testament whom Jesus declared a type. Like the serpent, Jesus was hanged on a tree (Galatians 3:13), and all who look to Jesus and put their faith in Him will get saved from the sting of death (1 Corinthians 15:55-57). To avoid excessive over-spiritualisation it is important to remember that the type was part of the historical experience of Israel, so it is necessary to seek its original meaning in the context of the OT book, before claiming a typological meaning. Hence, we do not decide who or what is a type of Christ; we only discover them. There are many other prophets and priests in the Old Testament who are types of the Messiah, such as Noah, Joshua, Samuel, and Jeremiah. Although Hosea was originally remembering God showing his love for his people by delivering them out of Egypt, Matthew sees this as a prophecy that was being fulfilled when Jesus and his family fled to Egypt to escape from Herod the Great. We are now ready to consider several different categories of Old Testament types. Christ is richly portrayed in the Old Testament in both prophecies and typology. He was the lamb of God (John 1:29) perfect, without blemish and sin (1 Peter 1:19). The holes in Jesus’ hands were the imprint or impress of the nails. While the number of Old Testament references to Son [of God] are nowhere near as numerous as that in the New Testament, they are extremely significant and have helped Christians recognize that Jesus Christ is indeed this Son of God and what the Bible means by this phrase. It is also possible that Melchizedek was a Christophany, especially if the author of Hebrews meant Melchizedek literally had no beginning or end of days. Parallels are even drawn out from small details of the Passover ritual. The second type of offering in the Old Testament is the minchah, or Grain Offering. It is derived from the verb 'to strike' and has a wide range of meanings in the New Testament. Moses is a type of Christ and shares many similarities with Him. Eerdmans 1996. It is likely that Paul was using a theological term already familiar to his readers, as typology had probably already been used regularly by Jewish teachers in their interpretation of the Scriptures. Because he included the law of Moses, which does not contain a large quantity of prophetic material, it is likely that Jesus himself understood the law typologically, and encouraged his followers to treat it in the same way. The divine origin of types is shown when Moses was shown the pattern (type) of the tabernacle on the mountain (Heb 8:5), and was told to make the tabernacle according to the pattern he had seen (Acts 7:44). Then, also, just as the Israelites had to clear out the old yeast before celebrating the Passover festival (Ex 12:19), so Paul calls the believers to remove the yeast of immorality from the church. According to the Savior’s own testimony, Jonah’s three days and nights in the belly of a great sea creature specifically prefigured the Savior’s burial and sojourn in the spirit world (see Matt. time of Moses’ birth, Pharaoh ordered the death of all male Hebrew babies Baker 1973. The New Testament Just as the people in the wilderness were saved from death by looking up to the snake on the pole, it is necessary that Jesus will be lifted up, so people will be saved by looking up to, and believing in him. Therefore, a type of Christ is a person or thing that resembles or behaves like Jesus. Jesus compared Jonah’s experience in history with his own coming death and burial, even though the original account of Jonah merely describes events in his life without any hint of any future relevance. Just like the holes in Jesus’ hands are not the nails themselves, so too Old Testament types are not Christ himself, but they bear witness to him. … [1] Crossway Bibles. Jesus spent three days and nights in a tomb because of our sin (Luke 24:46). Melchizedek was a king and a priest of God; Jesus is the King and High priest of God. In our understanding of the Bible there exists continuity between the two Testaments. While there are clearly explicit types–or explicit allusions to types–mentioned by Jesus and the Apostles in the pages of the New Testament (i.e. However, there are excesses to avoid if the Biblical text is to be handled with integrity. The presence of types shows the unity of God’s plan of salvation and of the continuity from the OT into the NT. Melchizedek is a mysterious figure who appears in Genesis 14:18-20 only. The lifted-up serpent becomes a picture, or type, of the lifted-up Jesus. However, according to the author of Hebrews, the OT sacrificial system was intended to be merely a shadow of what was to come (Heb 10:1). It comes from the Greek word tupos, which means the mark of a blow, a copy, image, pattern, or prefigure of something or somebody. is a greater high priest because His sacrifice and cleansing are forever Through the laying on of hands, all the sins of Israel were transferred onto the head of the goat, which was then sent out into the wilderness, away from the camp of Israel, hence taking all their iniquities away (Lev 16:22). Paul used it in Colossians 2:17 when he said elements of the Mosaic covenants were “shadow of the things to come.” Skia also appears in Hebrews 8:5; 10:1. Jesus told the two disciples on the Road to Emmaus that the law of Moses, the prophets and the Psalms contained things written about himself (Lk 24:44). It is particularly in the book of Hebrews that types in the OT are used to teach about the spiritual realities to be found in Christ, particularly including Jesus as the great high priest (ch 7), a better sanctuary (ch 8) and as the perfect once and for all sacrifice (ch 9). This distinguishes it from an allegory, which is a fictitious story with a deeper spiritual meaning, which does not normally have any historical basis. Adam, Abel, Melchizedek, Isaac, Moses, David, Solomon, Jonah, the Tabernacle, the Temple, the festivals, etc. But there are even deeper ways that Jesus is found in the Old Testament. High priest (Hebrews 2:17; 4:15–16; 5:10), 7. This was particularly because scholars denied that God could foretell the future, so prophecy and typology was thought to be impossible. New International Commentary on the New Testament (NICNT). It appears as antitype in 1 Peter 3:21 NKJV, and as copies in Hebrews 9:24. Lesson 8: Jesus Christ Fulfilled All Righteousness. Firstly, he describes Christ as "our paschal lamb who has been sacrificed" (1 Cor 5:7), so we are spiritually saved by the blood of Christ, and receive new life through him. Reference. Pillar Commentary. Here are some types of Christ mentioned in the New Testament. Moses freed the Israelites from physical slavery in Egypt, while Jesus freed his people from spiritual bondage to sin and death (John 8:34-36, Romans 8:2). Adam’s single act of sin led to condemnation and death for all, which is contrasted with Christ’s single act of righteousness which led to righteousness and life for all (Rom 5:14-19). God even said His Son would be a High priest after the order of Melchizedek (Psalm 110:4, Hebrews 5:6), which is different from the priesthood of the Levites. New International Commentary on the New Testament (NICNT). Jesus resurrected from death and walked out of the tomb (Mark 16:6), Jonah announced the destruction of Nineveh would take place in forty days (Jonah 3:4). A symbol, however, is a pictorial way of portraying a present spiritual reality and does not necessarily need any future fulfilment. It should be noted that for the majority of deliberate transgressions, the penalty was death (eg. There is skia, which means shadow or outline. The previous posts in the series dealt mostly with people whose life or actions resembled Christ. Adam’s single act of disobedience introduced sin and death into the world. Even more, righteousness and peace kiss each other in Him (Psalm 85:10). The food and drink were “spiritual” because God supernaturally provided them in the wilderness, as well as them being a type or analogy of the Lord’s Supper, the special spiritual food for Christians. With the rise of rationalism in the 19th century, typology was rejected as being old-fashioned. Through the blood of the sinless Lamb of God, through Jesus Christ. 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