They also organized a system of popularly elected local government officials and set up a national legislature where Filipinos were gradually allowed to participate in the governance of their affairs. Brief Discussion of Spaniards Colonization In the 16th century, Ferdinand Magellan, captain of the first expedition to circumnavigate the world, came to the Philippines. Like Manila, small, relatively isolated barangays were already existing in the Philippines long before the Spaniards came. Colonization helped the countries become unified under one language and religion. There’s an entire side of Filipina women in my … The book is available through its publisher Assure at http://www.assure.ph. They set up and ran the Chinese customs and postal services for over 100 years even though China was not officially a colony. In order to understand and appreciate its contemporary problems and challenges, it will be helpful to look back briefly at certain events in its history that planted the seeds of many of its present conditions. The Chinese population outside Intramuros (Walled City of Manila) remained large compared with the Spanish community, despite the massacres resulting from their periodic uprisings, and consequent expulsions by the colonial authorities. On one hand, traditional exporters hailed the continuation of their privileged treatment. They abused the Filipino. Similar to the time of Spanish rule, the Philippines was economically exploited during the American regime to support the colonial bureaucracy in the capital city of Manila, and less obvious than during the Spanish era but no less unjust, the country's natural resources were developed to support the commercial and industrial interests of the new colonizer, the United States. New York and Toronto: The New American Library, Inc., 1969. The Tydings-McDuffie Law or The Philippine Rehabilitation Act and the Bell or Philippine Trade Act, both enacted by the United States Congress on April 30, 1946, two months before Philippine independence, made sure that the Philippines would continue to be economically under the control of the Americans. Improvements in public utilities and communications Telephone service … The Bell Trade Act delimited Philippine sovereignty through continuing United States control over the exchange rate of the Philippines and the “parity clause” provided in the Act. The influx of American manufacturers and goods into the Philippines, along with the infusion of American values in the public school system, developed consumer preference for goods “made in the USA” among the Filipinos. Negative effects/positive effects. by cperedo_rbra_10873. But if Spain contributed to the fertilization of the Philippine heritage and the “Europeanization” of its environment, America further invigorated it with the Anglo-Saxon way of life, the “city-beautiful” concept, and the English language. More people join social networks every single day, and social networking doesn’t seem to be something that is a passing trend. In fact, a major reason for the bitter mass resistance against the American forces was the betrayal of the Filipinos’ hopes for economic and social emancipation. Cushner, Nicolas P. Landed Estates in the Colonial Philippines. With its strategic location at the mouth of the Pasig River and Manila Bay, Manila was initiated by the Spaniards into its role as the gateway to the Americas, attributing to it an urban dimension. ; The Spaniards made the local datus head of the barangays, who eventually acquired large landholdings. As the Spanish merchants kept their capital invested in Manila, the economic prosperity brought by the Galleon Trade was largely confined to Manila and its suburbs. The trade began in 1565, and until 1813, the galleons sailed regularly each year from Manila to Acapulco, bringing oriental goods and returning with mail from Spain and silver from Mexico. The new amenities and attractions altered very much the city’s landscape. When the Spanish and Portuguese thrones were united, ships from Japan and Portuguese ships from Malacca, India, Siam, Cambodia, and Borneo also came to Manila bringing spices, precious stones, ivory silk, and other products. Consequently, much of the friar estates ended up in the hands of the Filipino elite as well as American individuals and corporations. It linked the Philippines with Spain and the outside world, and served as the seat of government and administration, ecclesiastical center, military outpost and center of inter-island commerce and foreign trade. Manila remained the colonial capital under American rule. It was a section of Manila that was fortified to secure the Spaniards and keep out the native Filipinos and local Chinese. Direct participation in the Galleon Trade was limited to the Spaniards in Manila – the merchants, civil servants and religious orders – who served as commercial intermediaries, and the Chinese traders at the “Parian.” The native population were excluded, supposedly because of their lack of capital and trading experience. Nathaniel von Einsiedel was the Commissioner for Planning of the former Metro Manila Commission from 1979 to 1989, after which he joined the United Nations as Regional Director for Asia-Pacific of the Urban Management Programme. With foreign competition also leading to the destruction of traditional textile and other industries, there was consequently widespread economic dislocation and suffering among agricultural and urban workers. The Filipino-American War lasted over three years, but the sporadic resistance to the new regime continued for many years. Among the barangays, Manila had indicated prominence much early on. The Hispanization of the Philippines: Spanish Aims and Filipino Responses, 1565 – 1700. Like the Spanish colonizers of 1571, American soldiers occupied Manila on August 13, 1898 and gradually established authority over the whole country. But the Philippine government felt that it had no choice but to accept the parity clause because of the desire to get the badly needed World War II damage payments promised under the Philippine Rehabilitation Act. As Jacob Schurman, Chairman of the First Philippine Commission, admitted: “This was a bitter pill for the Filipinos, who had taken up arms and shed their blood primarily with the object of expelling the friars and confiscating their property. The effects of colonization on the New World have been a controversial topic for some time. Manila’s rapid development and affluence during the 16th and 17th centuries depended totally on the prosperity of the Galleon Trade, forced labor, tribute tax, and forced purchase of agricultural products from other parts of the country to support the colonial bureaucracy based in Manila. They had subsistence economies with agricultural production geared mainly to the needs of the community. Before the Spanish arrived, land ownership was largely communal and land use was based on usufruct rights. Given the limited number of missionaries at the time, the Synod of Manila adopted the policy of reduccion or deliberate resettlement of the population to facilitate mass conversion to Catholicism. It is not easier to discuss the extent of positive globalization in the world. Manila Bay and Intramuros,as visualized by the Spaniards in the mid-1800s. The rapid and massive influx of people overwhelmed whatever capacity government had in catering to people’s needs. Pacific Historical Review, Vol. Many historians have debated for centuries about how good or bad colonization was and there are many different aspects that you must look at. Tranvia and Autobos routes of the Manila Electric Railroad and Light Company in 1932. A sense of forbiddance was abolished. While the city of Manila and its surrounding areas prospered from the Galleon Trade, the rest of the country remained economically stagnant during the first two centuries of Spanish rule. In this colonization, there were mostly negative effects on the native people of Vietnam. Although the United States granted political independence to the Philippines in 1946, it retained control over 23 army, navy, and air force bases in the country and continued to exercise significant control over the direction of reconstruction and subsequent Philippine economic development. In the past few years, social networks have become more and more popular. The process involved requiring dispersed barangays to constitute into compact but larger communities and reducing their number (thus the term ‘reduccion’) so that they can be easily and quickly called to attend church rites and be accounted for their regular contributions. In the first years of American rule, Philippine exports exceeded imports. 0 times. POSITIVELY FILIPINO is the premier digital native magazine celebrating the story of the global Filipino. Perhaps, the most significant, far-reaching, and enduring instrument the Spaniards introduced that has altered Philippine economic and social structure is the institution of private land ownership. The Spaniard’s image of Manila Bay when they first arrived in May of 1570. Interestingly, British colonization did not generally require that any particular religion be adopted; they were not great ones for missionary efforts although Anglican Christianity was a preferred option. However, since trade was at a relatively small scale, the economy of Manila and surrounding barangays remained largely at subsistence level. Quezon City: Tala Publishing Corp., 1975. In the late 20th century, a number of countries were fighting for freedom. The colonizers in Africa were mainly the European countries and the effect of this colonialism is still felt today. Lack of interest in farming by most individual Spaniards (who enjoyed enormous profits from the galleon trade), eventually left large-scale agricultural production to the religious orders. Manila’s harbor was modernized. During the American regime, the country was developed purposefully into a primarily agricultural support economy. The three major actions that the Spaniards instituted during their colonial rule were: a) The Policy of Reduccion or deliberate resettlement; b) Privatization of Land Ownership; and c) The Manila Galleon Trade. Global market; The privatization of industries owned by the state has enabled the emerging markets to be successful. The British Empire at the time covered most of Canada and 13 colonies of the United States, parts of India and what is now Bangladesh, various cities in Africa, the Caribbean and Central America, and a scattering of small islands all over the place. However, Spanish colonization had a negative impact by creating more poverty and discrimination toward the native people. Some of the great powers of the time were better at colonizing than others. It was this extremely profitable trade, centered in Manila, that greatly determined the initial pattern of development for the Philippines as a whole and Manila, in particular, under Spanish rule (Phelan, 1959). Unlike the Spaniards, the Chinese had more intermarriages with the native population. For example. Stringent rules governing real estate transactions were promulgated by the Spanish colonial regime to prevent the fraudulent transfer of native landholdings and the sale of communal lands. Free trade with the United States not only perpetuated economic inequality, it also fostered the continued political dominance of the traditional landed and educated elite of Philippine society, a consequence with lasting significance for the government of the city of Manila. Nevertheless, during most of the 250 years of the Galleon Trade, the Chinese were able to secure control of the internal retail trade and credit facilities in the country, becoming a dominant economic group. 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