This female had a narrow blackish-brown chest plate slightly wider than the face, beginning at the throat and tapering at the top of the abdomen. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria. Multiple copulations via dorsoventral mounting may occur in a single day. There are 19 Species of gibbons within each of these 4 groups We currently house 5 of these species * Indicates species housed at the GCC. The Hainan gibbon recently made news with the formation and dispersal of a new breeding pair. gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate), American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, Animal Life (American History of Natural History). Hainan Island, which is home to many introduced rubber plantations, has been forced to stop the expansion of the rubber industry in order to save N. hainanus and other endangered species. Agroforest Systems, 87: "1117-1128". Adult female Hainan gibbons and eastern black gibbons vary from a buffish to a beige brown and have a black cap (Geissmann et al. American Journal of Primatology, 36: "37-60". Also known as the Hainan black-crested gibbon, until 2019, the species was restricted to just 0.77 sq mi (2 sq km), as reported in 2017, within the Bawangling National Nature Reserve on the western side of Hainan Island … It was formerly considered a subspecies of the eastern black crested gibbon from Hòa Bình and Cao Bằng provinces of Vietnam and Jingxi County in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. Behaviour of hoolok gibbon (Hylobates hoolok) during different seasons in Assam, India. Wei, W., W. Xiaoming, F. Claro, D. Youzhong, A. Souris, W. Chundong, W. Changhe, R. Berzins. Fauna and Flora International, Indochina Programe, Hanoi. Introduction. Wei et al. McConkey, K. 2005. In 2003, the Hainan Gibbon Action Plan was launched. Pocock, R. 1905. All six species of crested gibbons are endangered, with numbers in the wild ranging from 25 Hainan gibbons (the world's rarest primate) to approximately 30,000 buff cheeked gibbons. Molecular systematics of Indochinese primates. 2000; Mootnick 2006) and territorial calls (La Q. Trung and Trinh D. Hoang 2004). (Zhou, et al., 2008) Western Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) Agile Gibbon (Hylobates agilis) Bornean White-bearded Gibbon (Hylobates albibarbis) Kloss’s Gibbon (Hylobates klossii) Nomascus. Hainan Gibbon Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan – Version I (Last updated November 2005). (Zhou, et al., 2005; Zhou, et al., 2008), The IUCN currently lists Hainan black-crested gibbons as critically endangered. Fei, H., M. Scott, W. Zhang, C. Ma, Z. Xiang, P. Fan. The average weight of males is about 14.57 lb (6.61 kg); average weight of females is about 14.47 lb (6.563 kg). In: Primates in Peril: The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2006–2008, R. A. Mittermeier et al. American Journal of Primatology, 73: "135-154". The current status of the Hainan black-crested gibbon Nomascus sp. Frankfurt Zoological Society, Hanoi. reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female. Springer Verlag, New York. The presence of a laryngeal sac in males may contribute to the increased complexity of vocalizations. Primates, 25: "225-235". Black Crested Gibbon (Nomascus concolor) Northern White-cheeked Gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys) Cao-vit Gibbon (Nomascus nasutus) Hainan Gibbon (Nomascus hainanus) ENDANGERED. An umbrella species is one which indicates the overall health of an ecosystem. There is an urgent need to secure and expand suitable forest for the survival of the few remaining gibbons and their habitats, which will require continued effort and cooperation among all parties. With a remaining population size of 33 individuals, it is the world’s rarest primate. Native to Hainan Island, located in southern China, the entire species is limited to approximately 15 square kilometers of forest in Bawangling National Nature Reserve (BNNR) – a mere fraction of what they used to call home. Gestation has been estimated to be 136 to 173 days. The female usually only emits a single loud noise often referred to as a great-call. 2004. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 76: "1-16". Chan, B. P. L., X. F. Tan and W. J. Tan. (McConkey, 2005; Zhou, et al., 2008), Tree selection for sleeping is an antipredator behavior for gibbons. Brachiation has also been observed in N. hainanus. Roos, C. and T. Nadler 2005. Habitat loss and fragmentation are the primary drivers of Hainan gibbon population decline. Females also have a characteristic white face ring. An animal that eats mainly plants or parts of plants. In the refuge they inhabit, the most common food sources are the fruits from Litchi canensis, Nephelium topengii, and various Ficus species. Anatomical contributions to Hylobatid taxonomy andadaptation. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Zoological Research , 7 , 393 – 410 . KFBG, Hong Kong SAR, ii + 33pp. Geissmann, T. and B. Chan. People's Daily Online. Fellowes, J. R. and B. Chan. . (21): 103–138. 1989. There is no proven efficacy of these traditional "medicines" and the impact on wildlife populations is devastating. Though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. Zhou, J., F. Wei, M. Li, B. Chan, D. Wang. Wu, W., X. M. Wang, F. Claro, Y. Oryx 38(4): 452–456. The current status of the Hainan black-crested gibbon Nomascus sp. Group size has been hard to determine due to the extremely low population size and fluctuations in behavior of N. hainanus as a result of the degradation of habitat. (Zhang, et al., 2010), It is important to note that N. hainanus and most other gibbon species are in the midst of controversy concerning their classification. (McConkey, 2005; Zhang, et al., 2010), Hainan black-crested gibbons can act as seed dispersers for forest tree species. Some of the gibbons observed in Bangliang may be the same individuals counted by Vietnamese counterparts as gibbon groups were seen traveling between the two countries (People's Daily Online 2006; Chan et al. Six gibbon species have occurred recently in China. Bleisch, W. V. and N. Chen. Molecular evolution and systematics of Vietnamese primates. Chan, B. P. L., J. R. Fellowes, T. Geissmann and J. F. Zhang (eds.). Vietnam Primate Conservation Status Review 2000. Males will also live solitarily. Degradation of tropical forest in Hainan, China, 1991-2008: Conservation implications for Hainan Gibbon (Nomascus hainanus). Chinese Wildlife 6: 1–4. Other species of gibbons have been shown to be important factors in seed dispersal of several plant species, most notably figs and other fruit bearing plants. Sexually active females occasionally engage in post-conception copulation, which is relatively rare amongst the primates. Biological Conservation, 143: "1397-1404". ), pp.23–28. This material is based upon work supported by the 1989). International Journal for Primaology, 29: "1037-1046". 2012 study, but these insights into their close relatives, N. nasutus, may hold true for them as well. This contrasts with the female northern white-cheeked gibbon (Nomascus l. leucogenys), whose facial appearance is slightly similar to the female Hainan gibbon. Trade in live N. hainanus as well as body parts, can result in hefty profits from black market Chinese medicine. J. Primatol. A major concern is that of the approximately 20 individuals left, only 4 are adult females and one of these may be post-reproductive. Its closest relatives are gorilla, chimpanzee, orangutan and bonobo. Vietnamese J. Primatol. Gibbons may also play a role in the seed dispersal of many of the fruits that they eat. 2000; Mootnick 2006). Zhou, J., F. W. Wei, M. Li, J. F. Zhang, D. L. Wang and R. L. Pan. rainforests, both temperate and tropical, are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground. This gibbon species is the rarest primate in the wild currently in a successful captive breeding program. Mass slaughters have been recorded on numerous occasions. 2004. Females initiate mating by approaching a male and moving their head and limbs in rhythmic, jerky motions. Taxonomy, distribution, and status of gibbons (Hylobates) in Souther China and adjacent areas. Different Gibbon Species There are over a dozen recognized species of gibbons ranging from northeastern India to southern China to Borneo. 2004; Zhou et al. the region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23.5 degrees north to 23.5 degrees south. At this time Patzi had more black than what has been observed in the wild or in museum specimens of female eastern black gibbons. 2003. Once numbering around 2,000 individuals in the 1950s, the Hainan gibbon underwent a severe decline in the late twentieth century due to habitat loss and hunting, and is now one of the most threatened species in the world, with only an estimated 26 individuals remaining.The last surviving population is restricted to a single forest patch i… Report of Rapid Biodiversity Assessments at Bawangling National Nature Reserve and Wangxia Limestone Forest, Western Hainan, 3 to 8 April 1998. Help us improve the site by taking our survey. Hainan Black-crested Gibbon is headed for extinction. The ADW Team gratefully acknowledges their support. believe that the distribution of body mass can also be used to classify species into these genera. Molecular evolution and systematics of Indochinese primates. Mootnick, A. R., Xiaoming Wang, Moisson, P., Chan, B. P. L., Fellowes, J. R. and Nadler, T. 2007. Unpublished report, IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), and Conservation International (CI), Arlington, VA. Population structure of Hylobates concolor in Bawanglin Nature Reserve, Hainan, China. The hoolock gibbon with 38 chromosomes was initially placed into its own subgenus called Bunopithecusbased on a fossil (Prouty et al.1983), and later designated as Hoolockwhen elevated to genus level (Mootnick and Groves 2005). Molecular data, together with morphology and call differences, suggest it is a separate species. Polygynous mating system and behavioural reason of Black Crested Gibbon (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) at Dazhaizi, Mt. (Ma, et al., 1988; Mootnick and Fan, 2011; Mootnick, et al., 2012; Wei, et al., 2004), There are currently four genera of gibbons; Hoolock, Hylobates, Nomascus, and Symphalangus. 2000. Am. Rarest ape rediscovered in Vietnam. ), pp.90–94. The family historically contained one genus, but now is split into four extant genera and 18 species. There are 15 species of gibbons that can be found in Southeast Asia (China, India, Burma, Malayan peninsula, Borneo…). Gibbon is a small ape. Previously it had been considered conspecific with the Hainan black crested gibbon or as a subspecies of the black crested gibbon. 2005); another survey in 2001–2002 estimated 12–19 individuals in four groups (Wu et al. Frankfurt Zoological Society, Hanoi. The adult female Hainan gibbon has a thin, white face ring that is thicker above the mouth and below the orbital ridge. Gibbons It is generally accepted that there are 16 to 17 gibbon species in the Family Hylobatidae. (Zhang, et al., 2010; Zhou, et al., 2008), Adult males and juveniles have completely black pelage while females are brownish buff with some black hairs appearing on the limbs as they age. Zool. Z. Ding, A. C. Souris, C. D. Wang, C. H. Wang and R. Berzins. 2012. 1. 2004. The crest is approximately 10 by 3 cm. Website: http://hnrb.hinews.cn/php/20070326/162706.php. South China Forest Biodiversity Report Series: No. The Hainan gibbon (Nomascus hainanus) has been listed as one of the world’s 25 most endangered primates since 2000, and has by far the lowest population size of any ape species (Mittermeier et al., 2007).Formerly considered conspecific with Hylobates (Nomascus) concolor (e.g. Reproductive characters and mating behaviour of wild Nomascus hainanus. This is a short-term negative economic impact, but has long-term positive impacts because it helps to protect a critical and unique ecosystem. Depending on the amount of humidity, female Nomascus can acquire a more orangey color resulting from their sweat (Mootnick 2006). Zihlman, A., A. Mootnick, C. Underwood. Gibbons also sleep on branches with many twigs so that the twigs, which vibrate easily, will act as an early warning system. associates with others of its species; forms social groups. 19: 247–254. Primates, 29: "277-286". The organization of song in the Hainan Black Gibbon (Hylobates concolor hainanus). Rob Gregoire (author), University of Manitoba, Jane Waterman (editor), University of Manitoba, Tanya Dewey (editor), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor. ), pp.213–220. The Gibbon’s Voice 6(1): 1–3. Living Forests 7: 22–24. Asian Primates 8(3/4): 28–29. Numbers have increased since 2003, when it was believed that there were as few as 13 individuals. nasutus hainanus in Bawangling National Nature Reserve, Hainan, China. Disclaimer: Population structure of Hylobates concolor in Bawangling Nature Reserve, Hainan. Asian Primates 8(3/4): 8–10. By the 1980s, Ma et al. having the capacity to move from one place to another. Unlike most of the great apes, gibbons fr In Chinese. Mootnick, 2006) and awaiting taxonomic resolution, it … Most likely N. hainanus has a similar body length as other gibbons and this assumption is supported by anecdotal evidence (Pocock 1905). However, there is sexual dimorphism in coloration, also known as sexual dichromatism. 2. Humans can benefit by selling adults into the illegal animal trade, use the meat for food, or sell the bones for use in traditional Chinese medicine. (Geissman, et al., 2009), Hainan black-crested gibbons are found in social groups composed of females, juveniles, infants and, occasionally, males. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 21: "255-262". Longevity in gibbons (Hylobatidae). (Haimoff, 1984), Hainan black-crested gibbons are one of only three gibbon species in which the female makes vocalizations during mating. Primates, 32: "539-548". 1990. Part 1: Gibbons. Once, they were celebrated and widespread. (Ma, et al., 1988; Pocock, 1905; Uhlenbroek, 2011; Zihlman, et al., 2011), There is no sexual dimorphism in size in gibbons. Lactation is energetically costly for female gibbons of other species. If fresh feces could be collected from these individuals, it is possible that nuclear DNA sequencing could determine the relationships and confirm if observations are being conducted on the same group in different locations. The region of the accelerated deforestation and poaching, etc. ) suggest is. 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